The Devonshire coast of England is very dangerous.It is bound by rocks that mean death to any ship thatstrikes upon them. For many years there have beenmen employed by the government to walk up and downthat sea-girt point to warn passing vessels. They arecalled life-saving-men. They have worn steep pathsinto the solid rock, which their faithful, tireless feethave pressed during the time of their ceaseless marchings to and fro. The keen wind bites them and the saltwaves drench them and many are swept into the sea; but their places are supplied, the watch is kept up, thesignals are given and the ships sail by into their harborsof safety. The leaders of the Woman's ChristianTemperance Union are life-saving-women; they walkup and down the rock-bound coast of the world's appetiteand ignorance and prejudice waving the dangersignal to the souls that pass by on the great deepof temptation. They too have worn steep paths intothe stony ground; they too have felt the icy windand tasted the brine of the salt spray; they too havesunk upon the reefs and have been swept into the seaof eternity. However the watch is kept up; the flagwaves on unceasingly; restless, winged feet move unweariedin their ministry; storm-tossed crafts sail byunharmed into the harbor of peaceful lives, under theshadow of the Most High.
Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood torrent
What pen of men or tongue of angels could summonwords sufficiently strong or wise or tender in which todescribe the work and the personality of this divinelyinspired apostle of our Lord! Miss Willard's leadershipwas incomparable. She had the great power ofdrawing more people toward her, and of keeping thembound by the closest bonds of devotion, than any beingthat ever lived. The secret of it was that she wasthoroughly true; true to herself, true to humanity, towhich she gave her best; true to her heavenly callingand purpose, true to God. Miss Willard was a marvelousorator, organizer, author, statesman, Christian.
Background Certain salivary proteins of phlebotomine sand flies injected into the host skin during blood-feeding are highly antigenic and elicit strong antibody-mediated immune responses in repeatedly-exposed hosts. These antibodies can be measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assays (ELISAs) using salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) as the source of antigens and serve as a markers for exposure to biting sand flies. Large-scale screening for anti-sand fly saliva antibodies requires replacement of SGH with recombinant salivary proteins. In East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis is the main vector of Leishmania donovani, a trypanosomatid parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis. We tested recombinant salivary proteins derived from Ph. orientalis saliva to study exposure of domestic animals to this sand fly species. Methodology/Principal Findings Antigenic salivary proteins from Ph. orientalis were identified by immunoblot and mass spectrometry. Recombinant apyrase rPorSP15, yellow-related protein rPorSP24, ParSP25-like protein rPorSP65, D7-related protein rPorSP67, and antigen 5-related protein rPorSP76 were tested using ELISA with sera of domestic animals from L. donovani foci in Ethiopia where Ph. orientalis is present. Our results highlighted recombinant yellow-related protein rPorSP24 as the most promising antigen, displaying a high positive correlation coefficient as well as good sensitivity and specificity when compared to SGH. This recombinant protein was the most suitable one for testing sera of dogs, sheep, and goats. In addition, a different antigen, rPorSP65 was found efficacious for testing canine sera. Conclusions/Significance Recombinant salivary proteins of Ph. orientalis, specifically rPorSP24, were shown to successfully substitute SGH in serological experiments to measure exposure of domestic animals to Ph. orientalis, the vector of L. donovani. The results suggest that rPorSP24 might be a suitable antigen for detecting anti-Ph. orientalis antibody
Certain salivary proteins of phlebotomine sand flies injected into the host skin during blood-feeding are highly antigenic and elicit strong antibody-mediated immune responses in repeatedly-exposed hosts. These antibodies can be measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assays (ELISAs) using salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) as the source of antigens and serve as a markers for exposure to biting sand flies. Large-scale screening for anti-sand fly saliva antibodies requires replacement of SGH with recombinant salivary proteins. In East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis is the main vector of Leishmania donovani, a trypanosomatid parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis. We tested recombinant salivary proteins derived from Ph. orientalis saliva to study exposure of domestic animals to this sand fly species. Antigenic salivary proteins from Ph. orientalis were identified by immunoblot and mass spectrometry. Recombinant apyrase rPorSP15, yellow-related protein rPorSP24, ParSP25-like protein rPorSP65, D7-related protein rPorSP67, and antigen 5-related protein rPorSP76 were tested using ELISA with sera of domestic animals from L. donovani foci in Ethiopia where Ph. orientalis is present. Our results highlighted recombinant yellow-related protein rPorSP24 as the most promising antigen, displaying a high positive correlation coefficient as well as good sensitivity and specificity when compared to SGH. This recombinant protein was the most suitable one for testing sera of dogs, sheep, and goats. In addition, a different antigen, rPorSP65 was found efficacious for testing canine sera. Recombinant salivary proteins of Ph. orientalis, specifically rPorSP24, were shown to successfully substitute SGH in serological experiments to measure exposure of domestic animals to Ph. orientalis, the vector of L. donovani. The results suggest that rPorSP24 might be a suitable antigen for detecting anti-Ph. orientalis antibody-mediated reactions also in other host species.
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